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The semiconductor was born inside Bell Labs, a regulated monopoly required to give its discoveries away. That accident of policy helped to create an industry that would become a constant arms race.
Today, no nation fully controls this technology. Chris Miller walks us through the history of the semiconductor.
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About Chris Miller:
Chris Miller is a professor at the Fletcher School at Tufts University and is a nonresident senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, a think-tank in Washington, D.C. He is the author of the book Chip War: The Fight for the World’s Most Critical Technology.
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18 Feb 2026
The Moon is no longer a static celestial body that we admire from a distance. It is a complex geological world with active water cycles, exotic carbon chemistry, potential fusion fuel reserves, and a volcanic history that defies our models. The data returned by the Chang’e missions have systematically dismantled the old view of a dry, dead Moon. In its place, we have found a world that is rich in resources and ready for habitation. The question is no longer if humanity will return to the Moon to stay. The question is how fast we can build the infrastructure to harvest what we now know is waiting for us.
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Timestamps
0:00 The Moon
1:47 The “Chang’e” Strategy
5:46 The Solar Wind “Batteries”
9:23 The Hydrated Mineral (ULM-1)
12:50 The “Exotic” Carbon (Natural Graphene)
17:30 Chang’e-6 Mission Profile
21:30 Volcanic Activity
25:20 The ILRS & Future Base
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Fexl Spanish: / @fexl_es
Fexl Portuguese: / @fexlpt
Fexl Ukraine: / @fexl_ua
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Primary Sources
He et al. (2023) – Solar Wind-Derived Water:
https://www.nature.com/articles/s4156…
Wei et al. (2024) – Molecular Water Mineral (ULM-1):
https://www.nature.com/articles/s4155…
Zhang et al. (2024) – Natural Graphene:
https://academic.oup.com/nsr/article/…
Chinese Academy of Sciences (2026 Status):
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases…
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Next Steam train tour Saturday May 2nd 2026 tickets at http://www.blackhistorywalks.co.uk
1950s Steam Train trip from London to Hampshire and back to recognise World War 2, Windrush, Red Tails and Bentley cars
An exciting steam train trip on an original 1950s engine/carriages with historical commentary from an African/Caribbean perspective!
This unique trip is in memory of the Windrush pioneers who came to Britain after the war and the Black aircrew of World War 2 who came from Africa, the West Indies and the USA.
This nostalgic tour goes along the same ship/rail route the ‘Windrush generation’ passengers took. It will go through the countryside the Battle of Britain raged over when Black pilots flew their Hurricanes, Spitfires, Lancasters and Mosquitos against far right forces in Europe
We will also highlight the incredible ‘Red Tails’/Tuskeegee Airmen, the best US fighter pilots of WW2 who were based in Suffolk but also flew in Italy.
The trip will go from London to Hampshire and back and involve three stops on the way to get off and take photos of the vintage train and surroundings
On the way we will hear amazing stories of 1940s Black aircrew and hear testimony from train passengers of the 1950s.
Basic itinerary below,
This special trip is arranged in association with Pilots of the Caribbean
Pilots of the Caribbean, believe in the power of iconic symbols to connect us to a larger, meaningful history.
In 2013, Terry Jervis created the Pilots Of The Caribbean brand, curating an award-winning exhibition in collaboration with the RAF Museum and Black Cultural Archives.
Their fine art piece , known as commemorative medals and sometimes referred to as coins, are crafted to honour the legacy of Caribbean RAF pilots. Their limited availability, craftsmanship, and historical significance make them highly prized collectables.
The coins are made from gold/silver and the remains of the original Merlin Rolls Royce engines that powered the planes flown by Caribbean aircrew. The metal art is produced under a Royal Warrant by Worcester Medal Service Ltd.
Jervis also negotiated an unprecedented deal whereby Rolls Royce and Bentley collaborated to make a unique Limited Edition car which embeds the coins in the vehicle. More details will be revealed on the day and at subsequent lectures.
See example of the coin art below
First Coin
Pilots of the CaribbeanMona Baptiste & RAF crew on HMT Windrush (L)B-17 Flying Fortress & Lancaster Bomber (R)
Second Coin
Tuskegee AirmenLena Horne & “Red Tails” crew (L)Spitfire & Mustang P-51D (R)
To secure your opportunity to own these limited-edition historical pieces, you must first complete a confirmed registration. Once registered, you will be among the first to receive an exclusive offer to purchase and support some very important charities.
Steam train trip basic agenda
Black history steam train tour: 200 years of train travel since 1825. 60 years since the first Race Relations Act 1965
9.45 meet at London station for photos and equipment collection
10am special escort to BHW carriage
Depart London station on electric train
Travel through South Downs area of outstanding natural beauty with Black history of railways en route
11.15 transfer to Steam Train, photo opportunities, half hour ride
First disembarkation: watch train turn around, old fashioned train station, café, talk on Black fighter/bomber pilots and Windrush
Back on steam train for short ride to next old fashioned station.
Second disembarkation: walk around, visit train memorabilia museum, windrush luggage, classic train engines, photo stop, picnic area, miniature railway
3.00pm back on the steam train for twenty minute ride to then transfer to electric train arriving back in London by 5pm
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msamba 