About the Papuan languages

What if walking just two hours could take you to a village speaking a language as different from the previous one as Mandarin is from Swahili?
Welcome to New Guinea – an island that breaks every rule we know about language. Here, 840 languages somehow coexist in a space the size of Turkey, creating the most diverse linguistic landscape our planet has ever seen. Some have sounds that will make you question what human speech is capable of, while others use counting systems so alien they’ll reshape how you think about numbers.
But this isn’t just about exotic grammar. This is about humanity’s deepest secrets – languages so sacred that certain words are forbidden, hunters who must learn secret vocabularies, and words believed to hold magical power over life and death.
How did this impossible diversity come to exist? What happens when every neighbouring village speaks a completely unrelated language? And why are these linguistic treasures disappearing faster than we can document them?
The answers will take you from humanity’s first steps out of Africa 40,000 years ago to the mysterious secret languages that still shape daily life today. This is a story about the very limits of human communication – and what happens when those limits are pushed to their breaking point.

Support the channel and vote on future topics on Patreon: / julingo

Your next watch:
Frisian, mysterious cousin of English: • About the Frisian languages
Swahili, the language of international communication in Africa: • About the Swahili language

00:00 Intro
00:30 Official info
02:50 History
10:43 Writing and pronunciation
12:44 Native speakers
14:34 Language structure

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Bats are criminally underated

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The Sci-Fi Series So Crazy Its Star Had To Flee The Country

Television was just beginning to experiment with big ideas in the 1960s. The Twilight Zone was going strong. The Outer Limits was hitting the next level, and Star Trek was taking the world where no one had gone before.

But no one had a BIGGER idea than Patrick McGoohan.

Fresh off the spy hit Danger Man, McGoohan was a bona fide UK star. So when Britain’s ITV gave him carte blanche to make his dream show, he delivered a total curveball: A psychedelic, dystopian anti-spy series where no one has a name, the beach is terrifying, and escape is impossible.

The show was called The Prisoner. And it’s either genius or a televised nervous breakdown. Maybe it’s both.

This is why The Prisoner failed.

🤖 More Why It Failed: • Why It Failed

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BBC Radio 4 – In Our Time, Civility: talking with those who disagree with you

On the value of keeping conversations going with opponents, from the Reformation onwards

Melvyn Bragg and guests discuss the idea that Civility, in one of its meanings, is among the most valuable social virtues: the skill to discuss topics that really matter to you, with someone who disagrees and yet somehow still get along. In another of its meanings, when Civility describes the limits of behaviour that is acceptable, the idea can reflect society at its worst: when only those deemed ‘civil enough’ are allowed their rights, their equality and even their humanity. Between these extremes, Civility is a slippery idea that has fascinated philosophers especially since the Reformation, when competing ideas on how to gain salvation seemed to make it impossible to disagree and remain civil.

With

Teresa Bejan
Professor of Political Theory at Oriel College, University of Oxford

Phil Withington
Professor of History at the University of Sheffield

And

John Gallagher
Associate Professor of Early Modern History at the University of Leeds

Producer: Simon Tillotson

Reading list:

Teresa M. Bejan, Mere Civility: Disagreement and the Limits of Toleration (Harvard University Press, 2017)

Anna Bryson, From Courtesy to Civility: Changing Codes of Conduct in Early Modern England (Oxford University Press, 1998)

Peter Burke, The Fortunes of the Courtier: The European Reception of Castiglione’s Cortegiano (Polity Press, 1995)

Peter Burke, Brian Harrison and Paul Slack (eds.), Civil Histories: Essays Presented to Sir Keith Thomas (Oxford University Press, 2000)

Keith J. Bybee, How Civility Works (Stanford University Press, 2016)

Nandini Das, João Vicente Melo, Haig Z. Smith and Lauren Working, Keywords of Identity, Race, and Human Mobility in Early Modern England (Amsterdam University Press, 2021)

Jurgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (Polity, 1992)

Jennifer Richards, Rhetoric and Courtliness in Early Modern Literature (Cambridge University Press, 2003)

Austin Sarat (ed.), Civility, Legality, and Justice in America (Cambridge University Press, 2014)

Keith Thomas, In Pursuit of Civility: Manners and Civilization in Early Modern England (Yale University Press, 2018)

Phil Withington, Society in Early Modern England: The Vernacular Origins of Some Powerful Ideas (Polity, 2010)

Lauren Working, The Making of an Imperial Polity: Civility and America in the Jacobean Metropolis (Cambridge University Press, 2020)

In Our Time is a BBC Studios Audio Production

Spanning history, religion, culture, science and philosophy, In Our Time from BBC Radio 4 is essential listening for the intellectually curious. In each episode, host Melvyn Bragg and expert guests explore the characters, events and discoveries that have shaped our world.

Source: BBC Radio 4 – In Our Time, Civility: talking with those who disagree with you

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When Erik Satie invented a new kind of music: Gnossienne 1

Erik Satie wrote seven Gnossiennes. The first is in F minor, and Satie probably composed it in 1890. It was published with two other Gnossiennes in a Paris magazine in 1893. Like his three Gymnopedies of 1888, Satie seems to have created a new genre of piano piece with a title alluding to antiquity. According to the 1865 Larousse dictionary, a Gnossienne was a ritual labyrinth dance created by Theseus when he defeated the Minotaur. But Satie’s involvement in gnostic religious groups at the same time probably also influenced his use of the mysterious title.

All Satie’s Gnossiennes are composed without barlines, and they all have a gently rocking accompaniment in the left hand, with an ‘exotic’ melody floating above it in the right hand. All the Gnossiennes use modes to create intriguing and mysterious melodic lines. The extraordinary simplicity of the musical texture and syntax belies the prodigious originality of the resulting music. Written before Brahms had composed his late intermezzi, these are fabulously experimental pieces in which the form consists of haunting melodic fragments which circle around without any specific direction or goal. In their circularity and stasis they seem to lay down a challenge to German 19th century dominance: music does not have to be developmental; neither does it have to be goal-directed or hierarchical. It can simply float along and be an evocative mystery. Needless to say, Satie’s music had a huge influence on leading composers of the twentieth century including Debussy, Ravel, Stravinsky, Poulenc and, later on, the American pioneer John Cage.

Erik Satie: Gnossienne 1 Pianist: Matthew King.

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Guess I’ll have to keep an eye out for walnuts under the car from now on, haha. #wildlife #animals

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Walrus gets floating couch so that he’ll sinking boats 🚤 #shorts #walrus

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This camera can SEE sound!

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Why Are These Skyscrapers Shaped Like That?

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