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Cybernetics began as science’s most ambitious attempt to explain everything alive or automated, but then promptly mutated into a dystopian fever dream. So, how the hell did we end up here? This innocent concept was born in the late 1940s, when MIT mathematician Norbert Wiener noticed that anti-aircraft guns and the human nervous system had the same principle at work: When an anti-aircraft gun tries to shoot down a fast-moving plane, it can’t just aim at where the plane is in that moment, because by the time the shell reaches that point, the plane will have moved. The gun has to predict where the plane will be and aim there instead. Wiener realized that the human brain works in a remarkably similar way. For example, when you catch a ball, your eyes and brain not only track where the ball is right now, but also they estimate where the ball is going to be. He realized you could describe this process—biological or mechanical—using a single principle: feedback. The brain, the thermostat, the economy, the predator–prey system, all looped back on themselves, correcting error through information. It was like finding a universal language that both neurons and machines already spoke. It’s all messages between man and machines, between machine and man, and between machine and machine.

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